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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press–Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing–www.aluminumly.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.[Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample–5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.[NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,ASME Approved 2000X5000mm Steam Heating Rubber Vulcanizer,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ High Quality (DU650)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.[Jeans Jacket Embroidery Patches Accessories Name Badge Manufacturers,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine–Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant]Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.[Zx-Bk Tempered Glass Seaming Machine with Loading Machine,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens] However,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-AM has not been reported.
Here,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar-New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.
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Amber Ceramic Glass(MakerBot Industries25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), with the extruder moving from left to right (Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant).PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]Cable Protection Conduit, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. The schematic shown inFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. (a)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. (b)Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Women High Waist Belly Control Pants, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.[A4 Felt Tote Document Bag Envelope Bag]20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, a small slit or pre-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory. Finally,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine(first tab)Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, cross-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding MachineVex.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steelshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSilicone Sleeve Glass Fiber Braided Hose Protection Guard. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.[ Catch Fish Game Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace).Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A),σT,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(see Section 2.3).[New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-parallel to the print.
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Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02. Cross-Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.3, and are displayed inDedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in0.5 micron High efficiency stainless steel fine filter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material, which all had significantly smaller,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter TubeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. AsTexincreases,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines, leading to a stronger weld.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary LidVexas shown inWholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The influence ofTexandVexOptical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.
Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill BatteryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel/or extrusion.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials)).Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDouble Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard, respectively,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
4 Conclusions
High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. This measurement technique is a straightforward,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb-AM.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
