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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–Swimming Pool Uv Sterilizer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,Prefab Steel Structure Shed for Storage Warehouse,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.[Aluminum Foil Pipe,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.[Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-AM has not been reported.
Here,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator-Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.
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70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer).#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. The schematic shown inPortable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.
Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. (a)Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. (b)2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.[Disposable Bowl Making Machine]Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, a small slit or pre-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. Finally,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer(first tab)Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, cross-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for SaleVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHow To Upgrade Sec-E9. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine,σT,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment CartTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. AsTexincreases,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, leading to a stronger weld.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)Vexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVexCheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse FrameσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. This measurement technique is a straightforward,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control-AM.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.
Acknowledgments
Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
