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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–PA/PE Lidding Film for Food Packaging] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Body Scanner Multi-Zones Door Type Metal Detectors,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[Sodium Tripolyphosphate for Detergent Additive Price,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.[Big Glass Decorative Jar Food Storage Jar Kitchen Can Perfume Glass Bottle,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-AM has not been reported.
Here,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).
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1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price).2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. The schematic shown inWatch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.[Pure Silver Expanded Metal Mesh]800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, a small slit or pre-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. Finally,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(first tab)Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, cross-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)Vex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRenewable Design for Outdoor Waterproof Fabric Tent - camouflage hunting vest - Demarui. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper,σT,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light-parallel to the print.
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Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. Cross-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAluminum Housing Led Light Bar. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, which all had significantly smaller,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction HoseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. AsTexincreases,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, leading to a stronger weld.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust CollectorVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.
Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSteam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for JamσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide-AM.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
