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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–Stainless and Carbon Steel Finned Tube Bundles for Air Cooler with ASME U Stamp] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Air Separation Plant With Argon And Oxygen, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.[Vacuum Cleaner Collector,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.[Occupancy Sensor for Car Seats and Taxi Seats,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak-600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.
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3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine).Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. The schematic shown inAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. (a)5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder. (b)Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.[www.donsunmeter.com]Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, a small slit or pre-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. Finally,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill(first tab)H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, cross-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for BusinessVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in20ml Custom-Made HDPE Bottle for medical device reagent. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal,σT,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPolycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles-parallel to the print.
3.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet
3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. Cross-12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in1202 Шариковый винт. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. AsTexincreases,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes, leading to a stronger weld.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering MachineVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.
Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion SensorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, respectively,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. This measurement technique is a straightforward,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4-AM.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.
Acknowledgments
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
