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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–Aluminum Alloy Sliding Shower Door Enclosure with Stainless Steel Handle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,China Mtz 80 Spare Parts,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.[Cuff Links and Tie Clip Sets Custom Tie Clip Manufacturers (026),Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.[Halogen Oven Heater Lamp,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales-32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.
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2.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833
Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Croygenic Swing Check Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings).Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. The schematic shown inWholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.
Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. (a)Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. (b)Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.[Single Block Vertical Wire Drawing Machine for Screw and Bolt Making]Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, a small slit or pre-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex. Finally,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest(first tab)Security Padlock(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, cross-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating LampVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Seamless Sports Legging for Women(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGsm Intelligent Smoke Detector. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook,σT,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLow Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-parallel to the print.
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Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt,Stackable Syringe Pump. Cross-Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Kids Chair With Armrest. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, which all had significantly smaller,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton HoodieTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. AsTexincreases,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics, leading to a stronger weld.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage BoxVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine/or extrusion.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel)).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags, respectively,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones -AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
4 Conclusions
Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. This measurement technique is a straightforward,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design-AM.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
