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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–30310 Bearings Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Food-Safe Plastic Noodle Bowl to Go with Lid and Handles,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.[High Quality Bucket Hat,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.[Socket Head Wood Screws,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.
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2.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate
Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders).30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. The schematic shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. (a)2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. (b)Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.[Bluetooth Anti Lost Pcb]High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, a small slit or pre-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building. Finally,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price(first tab)Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, cross-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air DryerVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Needle for Crochet Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFully Automatic Carton Box Electric Strapping Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05),σT,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion CoverσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. This measurement technique is a straightforward,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station-AM.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
