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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Pet/Cat/Dog/Fish Pellet Feed Making Equipment for Sale] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,3ton Backhoe Wheel Loader Manufacturers Cheap Price,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.[2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.[Funny Children Colouring Book (AC-003),Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.[Solar Led Yard Light]Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, a small slit or pre-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. Finally,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface(first tab)Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, cross-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double GlassVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.chinacoinsandpins.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS,σT,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDigital Ultrasonic Soldering MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier-AM.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.
Acknowledgments
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
