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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Digital Microscope For Electronics] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,8011 0.2mm Thickness Aluminum Foil,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stackable Syringe Pump(Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.[Rotary Sensor Control Board,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.[2015-2019 Ford Raptor Original Front Bumper Steel,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-AM has not been reported.
Here,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.
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PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, with the extruder moving from left to right (18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck).Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. The schematic shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.
Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . (a)Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. (b)Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.[Shaft Machining]Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, a small slit or pre-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube. Finally,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge(first tab)Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, cross-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well SleepVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLINEAR. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,σT,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-parallel to the print.
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Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Cross-PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCarbon Steel Hydraulic Adapter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner, which all had significantly smaller,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal SpringTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. AsTexincreases,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children, leading to a stronger weld.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint SprayersVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexFamily Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.
Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message SignσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver,Aluminium Blind Rivets.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)-AM.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.
Acknowledgments
OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
