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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Grass Agriculture Drainage Anti-Fatigue Rubber Matting/Rubber Grass Mat] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Blue Image Carbonless Copy Paper NCR Paper Made in China,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System( IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.[m.chncitcnc.com,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.[Heavy Duty Adjustable Butterfly Gate Door Hinge with 2 Ball Bearing,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-AM has not been reported.
Here,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape-Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.
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Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, with the extruder moving from left to right (Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread).Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. The schematic shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. (a)Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. (b)HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.[Translucent 10mm Frosted Acrylic Sheet]Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, a small slit or pre-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Finally,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings(first tab)Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, cross-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure BuildingVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Silk Ties. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,σT,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAmber Ceramic Glass(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The TowerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. AsTexincreases,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants, leading to a stronger weld.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting WhiteVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.
20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag/or extrusion.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less)).Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay, respectively,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray.
4 Conclusions
OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen-AM.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
Acknowledgments
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
