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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–Coloured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning Duct] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Soft Eco Artificial Synthetic Imitation Faux PVC Leather for Bed Upholstery-Roka,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.[Acrylic Farmer Sink,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.[Leather Safety Shoes Factory OEM/ODM Products,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-AM has not been reported.
Here,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes-Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.
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80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, with the extruder moving from left to right (Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine).Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099] IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. The schematic shown inIndustry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.
The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. (a)12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. (b)Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.[Galvanized and Black Welded Wire Mesh Panels]Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, a small slit or pre-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. Finally,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)(first tab)Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, cross-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel FabricationVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in1/2 6/8 220V 110V Timer Auto Drain Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment,σT,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-parallel to the print.
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8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. Cross-1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Quality Female Quick Coupling. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7, which all had significantly smaller,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Small Bar Fridges for DrinksTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. AsTexincreases,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar, leading to a stronger weld.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to WorldwideVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexHome Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAmber Ceramic GlassσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine/or extrusion.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip)).Cable Protection Conduit.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPsa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting, respectively,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
4 Conclusions
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products-AM.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
