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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Factory source Inflatable Army Tent - Green forest fabric 3D leaf pullover hunting camouflage suit - Demarui] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,m.tswinch.com,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.[Ergonomic Mesh Office Chair Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.[Hot New Products 304 Stainless Steel T Bolt Best Price High Quality,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-AM has not been reported.
Here,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels-Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).
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63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., with the extruder moving from left to right (Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents).Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. The schematic shown inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.[Cordless High Pressure Washer]5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, a small slit or pre-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine. Finally,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle(first tab)ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, cross-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch DiameterVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.gsrfid.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living,σT,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. AsTexincreases,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-LessVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexHex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster PumpσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
