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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Aol 2D 3D Photo Crystal Laser Engraving Printing Machine for Sale] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Elbow Joint, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.[Portable Type Integrated Solar Home Lighting Kits,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.[www.aihdcam.com,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight-AM has not been reported.
Here,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep-10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.
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Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out).Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. The schematic shown inOEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.
Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. (a)Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. (b)Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.[Leaf Spring Suspension]Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, a small slit or pre-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children. Finally,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway(first tab)Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, cross-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cimc 6cbm Offshore ContainerVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Toddler Insect Repellent Clothing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver,σT,Aluminium Blind Rivets:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-parallel to the print.
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OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel. Cross-New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTamper Evident Carton Sealing Security Void Open Tape. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie, which all had significantly smaller,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric CoverTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. AsTexincreases,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine, leading to a stronger weld.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House LightingVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexSigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWaste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box, respectively,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %FRP Profile Made in China% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment-AM.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.
Acknowledgments
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
