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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Medicine Grade Usinic Acid] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Adjustable Multi-Style Headbands for Women Sports or Fashion,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.[Laminated Aluminum Pet Film/Al PE Foil/PE Aluminum Foil for Laminating,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.[Fibermania 19 Inch 1u CAT5E UTP 12 Ports Patch Panel,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-AM has not been reported.
Here,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black-Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.
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2.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage
China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, with the extruder moving from left to right (Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag).30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. The schematic shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. (a)Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019. (b)Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.[Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply]Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), a small slit or pre-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White. Finally,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector(first tab)Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, cross-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling CutterVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in8/10 Pcs Kitchenware Cooker. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price,σT,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-parallel to the print.
3.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. Cross- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMPO Optical Fiber Adapter Adaptor. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater, which all had significantly smaller,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular ConnectorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. AsTexincreases,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape, leading to a stronger weld.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for MenVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexSupermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLow Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for LivingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material)).China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools, respectively,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
4 Conclusions
Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet-AM.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.
Acknowledgments
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
