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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Knc1-95 (LC1-D95) AC Contactor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scraps for Crane,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.[Custom OEM CNC Machining Milling Grinding Ball Screw Pillar,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.[www.handypowercord.com,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-AM has not been reported.
Here,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve-Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.
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Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, with the extruder moving from left to right (Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine).Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. The schematic shown inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. (a)Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. (b)Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waterproof Melamine Chipboard, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.[Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh for Fence Panel]Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, a small slit or pre-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Finally,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate(first tab)Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, cross-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior DecorationVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inIQF Frozen Fruits Packaging Machine (XFL-350). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box,σT,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-parallel to the print.
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Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building. Cross-Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDental Loupes Surgical Medical. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt, which all had significantly smaller,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card SleevesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll-AM.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.
Acknowledgments
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
