40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi TrailerFarm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Hollywood Style Bluetooth Salon Makeup Mirror with LED Built-in Lights] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,High Speed CE Approved Automatic Capsule Filling Machine Manufacturer,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.[Special Design Wood Chips Fired Steam Boiler,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.[Id Card Manufacturers Cheap Price,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates-Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.
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2.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder
D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1).Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. The schematic shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. (a)Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light. (b)Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.[Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle]Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, a small slit or pre-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet. Finally,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets(first tab)Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, cross-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for SaleVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCbd Box Mod. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making,σT,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-parallel to the print.
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Cbd Extraction and Purification Process,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Cross-Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.jumpamusement.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips, which all had significantly smaller,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection MoldTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. AsTexincreases,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z, leading to a stronger weld.3.7*60 Concrete NailsVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.
OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMagic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face CameraσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine/or extrusion.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants)).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMembrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard, respectively,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
4 Conclusions
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function-AM.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.
Acknowledgments
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
