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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Croygenic Swing Check Valve-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China–Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch–China 90 Degree Malecopper Elbow] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.[10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Men′s Classic Hoodie–2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.[Galvanized Bar Grating,Made in China Custom Made White Color Food Grade Water Resistant Paper Bag for Fruit Growing Protect,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.[Automobile Fan Wire Harness Kits Manufacturers Cheap Price,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book–Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine]Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.[Lamp Light Indicator Suppliers for Sale,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale] However,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending-Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
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2.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage
Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(MakerBot IndustriesXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex).Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Security Padlock(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. The schematic shown inManufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. (a)Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve. (b)Seamless Sports Legging for Women,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.[3m/Tesa Tag Paper Laser Label Marking & Cutting Machine]Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain, a small slit or pre-Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. Finally,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil(first tab)OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.Stackable Syringe Pump(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, cross-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure LaminateVex.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Netshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.ycwelding.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminium Spigot Lighting Truss).American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001),σT,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(see Section 2.3).[PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-parallel to the print.
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Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). Cross-Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.3, and are displayed inGood Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inVolvo Tensioner Pulley. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags, which all had significantly smaller,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones /mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in ChinaTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. AsTexincreases,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter, leading to a stronger weld.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum materialVexas shown inFeed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The influence ofTexandVexprofessional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled PersonσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gownwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out-AM.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.
Acknowledgments
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
