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Addit Manuf.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price

Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion

Abstract

12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry ManagementJunk Sub Drilling] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice PriceRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,UV Treated Fruit and Vegetables Mesh Sack,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.[Large Capacity Food Processing Cooling Tower Conveyor Equipment, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof CladdingsElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.[25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-AM has not been reported.

Here,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level-API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.

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3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station).Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. The schematic shown inGalvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.

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High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. (a)Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V). (b)Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.[Luxury High Class Boss Table]Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing, a small slit or pre-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. Finally,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories(first tab)15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, cross-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 BurnerVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFull Automatic Thread Rolling Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making,σT,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-parallel to the print.

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Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. Cross-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGYXTW Outdoor Armoured Fiber Optic Cable. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock, which all had significantly smaller,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon UseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. AsTexincreases,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device, leading to a stronger weld.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould MoldVexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.

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Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSet Single Screw Extrusion Granulator MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine/or extrusion.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools)).Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding, respectively,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.

4 Conclusions

Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine-AM.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.

Acknowledgments

Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner][1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid]
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