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Addit Manuf.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price
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Abstract

8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality–1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management–ANSI Ggg40/Ggg50 (Ductile Iron) 300lb (class300) Wafer Type Butterfly Valve] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price–Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,Waterproof & Breathable Jacket,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.[Protector Card-Holder RFID-Sleeve Blocking Anti-RFID Case, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings–Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.[Gear Hobbing Manufacturer,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-AM has not been reported.

Here,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Amber Ceramic Glass,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.

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Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cable Protection Conduit, with the extruder moving from left to right (Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting).Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. The schematic shown inWomen High Waist Belly Control Pants.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. (a)OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. (b)0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.[4+0.38+4 Tinted Laminated Glass]Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, a small slit or pre-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. Finally,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(first tab)Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), cross-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal ScreenVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChicken Cage For Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27,σT,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-parallel to the print.

3.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm

Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Cross-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBuilding Material Galvanized Corrugated Metal Roofing Sheet Price Fence Panel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, which all had significantly smaller,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill BatteryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). AsTexincreases,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow PaletteVexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVex36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTManual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double GlassσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film/or extrusion.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools)).High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS, respectively,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.

4 Conclusions

Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,-AM.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.

Acknowledgments

Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner][1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid]
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