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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Girls Sexy Short Sexy Skirt] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,CE&ISO9001 Approved Single Roller Steam Heated 2.5m Ironing Machine,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.[C Z Changeable Purlin Steel Roll Forming Machine,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.[Custom Garment Accessories Flower Iron on Embroidery Patches Fashion Wholesale Jean Jacket Pants Hat Funny Decoration Chenille Embroidered Clothing Woven Label,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-AM has not been reported.
Here,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner-Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.
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Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, with the extruder moving from left to right (Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring).XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. The schematic shown inSulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.
Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. (a)6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container. (b)Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.[OEM Custom Plastic Injection Mold for ABS PP Auto Hubcap Wheel Cover Manufacturer]Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, a small slit or pre-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Finally,Aluminium Blind Rivets, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan(first tab)Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, cross-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style HoodieVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFestoon Led Bulb. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine,σT,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
FRP Profile Made in ChinaTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. AsTexincreases,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale, leading to a stronger weld.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP CameraVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexGood Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.
High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water TreatmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding/or extrusion.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube)).Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm, respectively,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
4 Conclusions
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136-AM.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.
Acknowledgments
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
