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Addit Manuf.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
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Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
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Abstract

for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality–1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management–Discountable price 1080n Recorder Hybrid Dvr - 5CH 1080P Wifi GPS 3G 4G HDD Mobile DVR - TOPO ] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price–Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,Pharmaceutical Chemical Medicine Mk-677 Ibutamore Raw Powder,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.[High Quality Low Carbon Galvanized Barbed Wire, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings–Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.[8A/9A Grade Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair with Free Shipping,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-AM has not been reported.

Here,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter-Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.

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Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, with the extruder moving from left to right (Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo).Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. The schematic shown in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. (a)Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder. (b)Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.[1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe]High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, a small slit or pre-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer. Finally,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass(first tab)Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), cross-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod BarVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Sales 3# Open-End Invisible Zipper for Garment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear,σT,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-parallel to the print.

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Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt. Cross-Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBaby Bath Towel With Hood Manufacturers Cheap Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank, which all had significantly smaller,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning ToolTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. AsTexincreases,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, leading to a stronger weld.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel TdiVexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVexNXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture LeatherσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046/or extrusion.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools)).Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board, respectively,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.

4 Conclusions

UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap-AM.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer.

Acknowledgments

2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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