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Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
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Abstract

Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality–1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management–Cnc Millling Machining Center] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price–Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,Baby Pu Water-Resistant Rain Apparel,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.[Cold Resistance Asa Syntheitc Resin Roof Tile, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings–Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.[m.wanlmedical.com,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-AM has not been reported.

Here,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.

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2.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor

Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head).High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. The schematic shown inLotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). (a)3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. (b)2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.[Asic Signal Conditioning Chip Pressure Gauges]Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, a small slit or pre-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. Finally,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(first tab)Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, cross-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal BendingVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inpushpullconnector. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration,σT,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBody Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-parallel to the print.

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Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140),1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes. Cross-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEcg Lead Cable Manufacturers Cheap Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, which all had significantly smaller,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for JamTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. AsTexincreases,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck, leading to a stronger weld.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 SappVexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVexMost Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30AσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer/or extrusion.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools)).0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, respectively,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.

4 Conclusions

High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle-AM.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.

Acknowledgments

API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner][1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid]
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