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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Universal Tempered Glass Screen Protector] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Caterpillar Tractor Factory OEM/ODM Products,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.[High Accuracy Temperature and Humidity Controller,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.[Amino Acid Food Additive Lysine,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings-AM has not been reported.
Here,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)-Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.
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Custom G-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. The schematic shown inTitanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.[En837-1 Yn-100 Marine Oil Filled Marine Industrial Pressure Gauge]Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, a small slit or pre-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making. Finally,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing(first tab)Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, cross-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net HammockVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWood Grain Concrete Stamping Mould. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,σT,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen CabinetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. AsTexincreases,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, leading to a stronger weld.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom FurnitureVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels-AM.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.
Acknowledgments
AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
