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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Chrome Oxide Green] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,3d Exterior Rendering,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.[5000mg Personal New Xiaomi Mi Air Purifier Car Ozone Generator,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.[Factory Price 304 Stainless Steel Wire Netting for Filter in Stock,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler-AM has not been reported.
Here,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building-925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.
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2.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket
Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme, with the extruder moving from left to right (Galvanized Bar Grating).Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Forging Metal Building Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. The schematic shown inIndustrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.
High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. (a)Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. (b)CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.[4 Tier Chicken Cage]Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, a small slit or pre-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color. Finally,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085(first tab)Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt, cross-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and BlackVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inA4 Printed Paper Nice Presentation Folder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design,σT,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCompression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product-parallel to the print.
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Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock. Cross-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.3, and are displayed inHigh Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in5mm Thick Stainless Steel Sheet 321. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019, which all had significantly smaller,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial BuildingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. AsTexincreases,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White, leading to a stronger weld.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.Vexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexLow Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.
Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHeat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window DiscσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip/or extrusion.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube)).Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children, respectively,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
4 Conclusions
Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine-AM.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.
Acknowledgments
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
