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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Car Window Seal Extrusion Line/Rubber Seal Extruder/Rubber Seal Extruding Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,Focusun High Ice-Making Efficiency Brine Block Ice Machine,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.[Diamond Tip Core Drill Bit,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.[Auto Parts Brake Drum,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.
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2.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price
Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished).Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10.4inch Industrial Tablet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. The schematic shown inSs 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.
High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. (a)Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006). (b)Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[Dry Cabinet For Wafer Factory OEM/ODM Products]20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, a small slit or pre-Croygenic Lift Check Valve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable. Finally,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings(first tab)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, cross-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory PriceVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCrowns And Tiaras. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls,σT,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
