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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Tensar Ss30 PP Uniaxial Plastic Grid for Road Construction,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station(M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.[Milk Tea Glass Bottle,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.[Vegetable Juice Decanter,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-AM has not been reported.
Here,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.
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2.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts
Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, with the extruder moving from left to right (Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv).Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. The schematic shown inStucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.
Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. (a)High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. (b)Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.[Thickener For Detergent Cleaning]Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, a small slit or pre-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. Finally,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles(first tab)Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, cross-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)Vex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMedical Equipment Pen Type Handheld Household Baby Digital Clinical Thermometer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,σT,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-parallel to the print.
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Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm. Cross-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChapati Machine Suppliers for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, which all had significantly smaller,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift ElevatorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. AsTexincreases,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), leading to a stronger weld.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door HingeVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVex70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.
2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for TransformerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding-AM.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
