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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Food Grade 304 Stainless Steel Ground Coffee Measuring Spoon/Scoop with Bag Clip] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,China Manufacturer High Precision Customized Plastic Injection Mold,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.[m.acrubberfactory.com,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.[Led High Bay Light 120w,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-AM has not been reported.
Here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock-Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.
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2.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings
Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, with the extruder moving from left to right (TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use).Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. The schematic shown inElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.
Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. (a)Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use. (b)Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.[Thermal Insulation Steel Frame Components]Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, a small slit or pre-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines. Finally,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel(first tab)PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), cross-Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note BookVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inycycauto.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie,σT,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCommercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-parallel to the print.
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AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. Cross-High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPiaggio Liberty Variator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground, which all had significantly smaller,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI ApprovedTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. AsTexincreases,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes, leading to a stronger weld.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)Vexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTYANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket KitσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. This measurement technique is a straightforward,LED Module 25W 3000K-AM.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.
Acknowledgments
Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
