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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–Plastic Packaging Bags for Pet Food and Snack] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Petroleum Hoses,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.[Low Torque (2 Inch) PVC Mini Double Acting Pneumatic Butterfly Valve,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.[GPS Container Sealing Lock for Container Door Locking,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly-AM has not been reported.
Here,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer-SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.
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2.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover
YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, with the extruder moving from left to right (Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine).a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. The schematic shown in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.[Low Price OEM 063800-0172 Fan Motor Air Conditioning]Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, a small slit or pre-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts. Finally,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(first tab)Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, cross-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306Vex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inClothes Terry Towel. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine,σT,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHoneyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-parallel to the print.
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High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. Cross-Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSteel Billets High Frequency Longitudinal Induction Heating Treatment Furnace. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, which all had significantly smaller,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical DrillingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. AsTexincreases,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light, leading to a stronger weld.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin CardVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexLow Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNeedle for Crochet MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector-AM.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
