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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–China Zhengzhou New Blue Filter Press Suppliers] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,m.handypowercord.com,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.[Cast Iron Roasting Dish Suppliers for Sale,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.[Cheaper Price IPL Shr Hair Removal/IPL Machine/Elight Hair Removal,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-AM has not been reported.
Here,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs-Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.
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2.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making
Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, with the extruder moving from left to right (Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump).Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. The schematic shown inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.[Oway Ultrasonic Interactive Whiteboard for Teachers with Free Drive]Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, a small slit or pre-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog. Finally,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress(first tab)China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, cross-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping ScrewVex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.nq-chem.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine,σT,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air DryerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. AsTexincreases,Needle for Crochet Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire AssemblyVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVexWallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.
Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut PerforatedσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
