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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Fashion 925 Sterling Silver Pendants Necklace Jewelry] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Dog Fur Remover Glove Pet Products,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle(Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.[Bean Paste Packing Machine For 1kg,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001),Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting-AM has not been reported.
Here,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.
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2.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel
Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, with the extruder moving from left to right (Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag).Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. The schematic shown in11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.
Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. (a)G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer. (b)Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.[China Skeleton Trailer Frame Chassis]Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, a small slit or pre-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. Finally,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel(first tab)Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, cross-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air CompressorVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLeizi Ordinary Optical Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood/Plastics/Electrical Products/Auto Parts/ Artware. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder,σT,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-parallel to the print.
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Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve. Cross-3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomatic Horizontal Band Saw Providing Accurate 90° Metal Cutting (CH-560HA). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Galvanized Bar Grating, which all had significantly smaller,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Forging Metal Building Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Horizon in Line Helical GearboxTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. AsTexincreases,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv, leading to a stronger weld.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic SeparatorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector/or extrusion.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou)).Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color, respectively,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
4 Conclusions
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black-AM.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
Acknowledgments
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
