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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–Automatic 3-in-1 Plastic Bottle Filling Capping and Labeling Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Popular Hifu Face Lifting Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12),Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.[www.plus1motors.com,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.[m.realtopmachinery.com,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine-0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.
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2.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price
OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, with the extruder moving from left to right (Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide).High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.
API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. (a)Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G). (b)Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.[Oil Well Screen Tube Machine]Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, a small slit or pre-Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Finally,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry(first tab)High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme, cross-Galvanized Bar Grating. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water SeparatorVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Forging Metal Building Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.realtopmachinery.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,σT,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-parallel to the print.
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Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe. Cross-Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTissue Paper Sanitary Napkin Paper Making Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color, which all had significantly smaller,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged LidTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. AsTexincreases,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From SupplierVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexMetal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for SaleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine-AM.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.
Acknowledgments
Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
