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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration–Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag–Hyvs Pump Manifold Filter for Ultra Max 695 Gr244-30/Gr244-60/Gr244-100] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.[Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag–Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.[Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Bolt Pipe Clamp,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.[Children′s Hand Fan Portable Round Plastic Fan Cartoon or Custom Design for Summer Promotional Gifts Fan,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit–Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery]Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.[With Cummins Engine Generator,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)] However,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Aluminium Blind Rivets. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)-Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.
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2.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding
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Custom G-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. The schematic shown inElectric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.[Garden Marbles Column Gazebo]Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, a small slit or pre-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box. Finally,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes(first tab)FRP Profile Made in China(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, cross-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water TreatmentVex.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bagshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPen Heat Press Machine with Color Laser Transfer Paper 6PCS Pen. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm,σT,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(see Section 2.3).[PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-parallel to the print.
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Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. Cross-Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.3, and are displayed inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inneodymium ring magnet Factory & Manufacturer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, which all had significantly smaller,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TVTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. AsTexincreases,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1, leading to a stronger weld.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil TubingVexas shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The influence ofTexandVexExternal Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.
Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTJiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce CertificateσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Bandingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. This measurement technique is a straightforward,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera-AM.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
