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Addit Manuf.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing

Abstract

PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating LampFarm Tool Wheel Tractor Mounted Cron Boom Sprayer Equipment] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,Small Plastic Food Containers,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.[Foxcon 100% Original LCD with Glass Digitizer for iPhone6s Plus,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting MachineHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.[www.cixi-gts.com,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-AM has not been reported.

Here,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.

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2.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace

Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, with the extruder moving from left to right (Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof).PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm. The schematic shown inHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.

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Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. (a)Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. (b)Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.[0.5 Ton Transmission Jack]Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, a small slit or pre-10.4inch Industrial Tablet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band. Finally,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses(first tab)100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, cross-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Croygenic Lift Check ValveVex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFast Moving Nonstick Body Three Burners Gas Stove (DS-GSN301). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric,σT,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-parallel to the print.

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AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. Cross-Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Quality Screw Compressor Air-Cooled Refrigeration Chiller. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head, which all had significantly smaller,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd PowderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. AsTexincreases,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate, leading to a stronger weld.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)Vexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVex3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.

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800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 TagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders/or extrusion.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8)).Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inInward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment, respectively,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.

4 Conclusions

Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending-AM.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.

Acknowledgments

3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element][Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer][gjmach-chn]