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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)–Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet–Automatic Beer Canning Machine Factory Price] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.[Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump– RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,Cutting Tools Diamond Saw Blades,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.[Drywall Screw Zhejiang,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen–Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch]Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.[Ignition,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter] However,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets-AM has not been reported.
Here,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting-304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.
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Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(MakerBot IndustriesODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, with the extruder moving from left to right (Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector).Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). The schematic shown inVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. (a)Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. (b)Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.[Shot Blasting Rubber Belting]Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. Finally,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.3.7*60 Concrete Nails(first tab)Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, cross-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating MachineVex.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inchina-bolt-pin. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15).SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,σT,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle(see Section 2.3).[Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series-parallel to the print.
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Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge. Cross-Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.3, and are displayed inCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Modern Leather Brushed Stainless Steel Arm Hall Dining Chairs. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation, which all had significantly smaller,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold RepairingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in Plastic Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. AsTexincreases,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard, leading to a stronger weld.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support BraceVexas shown inCjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. The influence ofTexandVexGood Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.
Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBig Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, WaterproofσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Salewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch/or extrusion.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door)).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, respectively,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.
4 Conclusions
Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10.4inch Industrial Tablet-AM.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
