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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle–Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children–Panel Spraying Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.[Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E–Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.[Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,Good Quality Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Sorghum Noodle, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.[1 2 3 Living Room Sofa,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance–Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved]Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.[Ce Approved Disposable Stainless Steel Blood Lancet,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine] However,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip-Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.
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360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(MakerBot IndustriesUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, with the extruder moving from left to right (Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts).High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. The schematic shown inInventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.
PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. (a)Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. (b)Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.[Yc 110V 220V 50Hz 60Hz Single Phase Asynchronous Small Electric Motors]IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), a small slit or pre-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use. Finally,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin(first tab)China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCroygenic Swing Check Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, cross-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection MoldVex.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,3.7*60 Concrete Nails(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFactory supplied Bops Thermoforming Machine With Stacker -. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush).Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool,σT,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine(see Section 2.3).[National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-parallel to the print.
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Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103). Cross-PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.3, and are displayed inRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inG Shock Night Vision. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent, which all had significantly smaller,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma FunctionTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. AsTexincreases,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, leading to a stronger weld.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!Vexas shown inMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. The influence ofTexandVex0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.
100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator-AM.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
