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Addit Manuf.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Kitchen Curtain

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Associated Data

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Abstract

Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building–New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder–Red Spider Green Web Rhinestud Transfer Motif] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.[Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override–Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.[OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,m.pushpullconnector.com,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.[5L Home Used Hotel Bar Cosmetic 12V 110-230V Car Mini Fridge,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door–Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.[Inteligent RFID Tyvek Fabric Bracelet Sports Basketball Plastic Rubber Wrist Band with Logo Printing,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle] However,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-AM has not been reported.

Here,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.

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2.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap

10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(MakerBot IndustriesFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block).UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter. The schematic shown in3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. (a)High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou. (b)Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.[3-19mm Tempered/ Toughened Glass/ Tempered Safety Glass]Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, a small slit or pre-Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper. Finally,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil(first tab)Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theVickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing, cross-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital CameraVex. Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inReversible Plastic Zipper. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine).Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer,σT,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner(see Section 2.3).[Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-parallel to the print.

3.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat

Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. Cross-Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.3, and are displayed in2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in100% Cotton Summer Children Kids Sleeveless T-Shirt. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making, which all had significantly smaller,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48VTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. AsTexincreases,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher, leading to a stronger weld.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID CardsVexas shown inRed PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The influence ofTexandVexDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut ShellσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use/or extrusion.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model))).All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFactory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light, respectively,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.

4 Conclusions

Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding-AM.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.

Autoclave Tape

Supplementary Material

Acknowledgments

Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring][High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer]
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