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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–Family Tent] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Anti Slip Commercial Epdm Flooring Suppliers for Sale,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.[Api Float 2pc Ball Valve,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.[Chlamydia Test Strip,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer-2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.
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Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds).UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). The schematic shown inPet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.[Hot Dipped Zincalume Gl Galvalume Steel Strip (Slip) /Prepainted Galvaninzed Steel (PPGI) Strip (Slip)]Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, a small slit or pre-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle. Finally,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine(first tab)Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, cross-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor MatVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCd Key Pc Factory OEM/ODM Products. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle,σT,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-parallel to the print.
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Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Cross-Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Viscosity Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (CMC) for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants, which all had significantly smaller,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street LightTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling. AsTexincreases,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine, leading to a stronger weld.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution TransformerVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.
Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush-AM.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.
Acknowledgments
Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
