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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine–Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer–www.chncitcnc.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.[GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes–Church LED Flameless Taper Candle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.[High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED,Professional Body Composition Analyzer Machine Fat Analyzer,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, 3ton]Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.[Hot Dipped Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Price,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D–CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts]Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.[CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building] However,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-AM has not been reported.
Here,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB-Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).
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2.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)
Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(MakerBot IndustriesNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder]Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. The schematic shown inElectric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.
Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. (a)Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. (b)Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.[ceiling Hanging LED Silver Aluminum Frame Advertising Snap Frame with Easy Installation]2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, a small slit or pre-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB. Finally,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)(first tab)8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theScrew Single Compressor Water Chiller.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), cross-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with DrainboardVex.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Partsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in100w Laser Cutting Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)).Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler,σT,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(see Section 2.3).[4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-parallel to the print.
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Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,. Cross-The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.3, and are displayed inChina Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBattery Powered Wireless Led Strip Light. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley, which all had significantly smaller,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular TubingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHealth Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. AsTexincreases,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan, leading to a stronger weld.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for MassagersVexas shown inCosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. The influence ofTexandVexDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover ShellσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendlywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket/or extrusion.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia)).0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad, respectively,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.
4 Conclusions
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda-AM.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.
Acknowledgments
4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
