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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display–Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099–Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.[Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding–Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.[Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Folding Foldable Solar Panel Portable 160watt Sunpower Solar Cell,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.[Cabinet Assembly Machine Factory OEM/ODM Products,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box–Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags]Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.[Corrugated Plastic Pipe,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline] However,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-AM has not been reported.
Here,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park-Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.
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2.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate
Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(MakerBot IndustriesJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, with the extruder moving from left to right (Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China).PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). The schematic shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.
IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). (a)Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use. (b)Cbd Extraction and Purification Process,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.[PVC Conical Twin Screw Extruder Machine Manufacturers]Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD, a small slit or pre-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. Finally,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof(first tab)wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-3.7*60 Concrete Nails. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCOB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), cross-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden ToolVex.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glassshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in130watt Laser Cutting Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProject Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED).Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103),σT,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(see Section 2.3).[High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-parallel to the print.
3.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Cross-Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.3, and are displayed inFashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inConstruction Chemicals Raw Material Sodium Lignosulphonate for Cement Plasticizer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, which all had significantly smaller,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel ConnectorsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. AsTexincreases,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing, leading to a stronger weld.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush CutterVexas shown inSmall Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. The influence ofTexandVexCycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGood Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 HoursσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Liftwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women/or extrusion.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head)).Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inN35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale, respectively,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.
4 Conclusions
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. This measurement technique is a straightforward,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine-AM.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,10.4inch Industrial Tablet.
Acknowledgments
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
