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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Amber Ceramic Glass, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier
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Abstract
PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.Cable Protection Conduit.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House–10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing–Contactless ISO14443A F08 RFID Plastic Card Smart PVC Business Cards] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.[AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi–1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.[70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,Niobium Bar/Rods/Ingots,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.[PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface Enoth PTFE Coating 10mil,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer–Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.[www.ldkchina.com, Trailer Wheel] However,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-AM has not been reported.
Here,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.
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2.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use
Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(MakerBot IndustriesGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material).Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. The schematic shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.
Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). (a)Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen. (b)Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.[China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle]GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, a small slit or pre-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. Finally,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber(first tab)Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, cross-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter TubeVex.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Rulershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAntique French Sofa. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality).8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle,σT,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(see Section 2.3).[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-parallel to the print.
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5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film. Cross-G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.3, and are displayed inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNatural Herb Extract for Cbd Oil. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDurable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industrywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket-AM.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.
Acknowledgments
0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
