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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools–Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer–Oem Precision Shrapnel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.[Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder–Security Padlock] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.[Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,Al Clamp(2 Bolts),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.[China Cement Conveyor,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine–33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer]Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.[China Lutong Diesel Cat Nozzle Dlla153p884 Common Rail Nozzle Denso Nozzle Dlla 153p 884,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet] However,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-AM has not been reported.
Here,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame-China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.
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2.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal
Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(MakerBot IndustriesChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, with the extruder moving from left to right (80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator).Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. The schematic shown inPerforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. (a)Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. (b)Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.[Carbon Steel Teacup Factory OEM/ODM Products]Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, a small slit or pre-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. Finally,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine(first tab)Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, cross-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring HarnessVex.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kidsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHippo Shape Kitchen Cleaning Sponge. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle).Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet,σT,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(see Section 2.3).[Custom Plastic Products]Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-parallel to the print.
3.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. Cross-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.3, and are displayed inModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPlated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping, which all had significantly smaller,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etcTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. AsTexincreases,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks, leading to a stronger weld.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body PartsVexas shown inDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHome Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight SwitchσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor-Amber Ceramic Glass,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant/or extrusion.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery)).High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer, respectively,Cable Protection Conduit.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
4 Conclusions
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants-AM.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
