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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–LED Flashlight] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,375ml Screw Top Wine Glass Bottle, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]LED Module 25W 3000K.[Outdoor Canvas Banner Posters Hanging Fabric Banner,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.[Air Spring Suspension Strut Shock Absorber,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine-Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.
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2.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery
Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, with the extruder moving from left to right (CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance).Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). The schematic shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.
Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. (a)Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage. (b)Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.[Customized Pet Products Special Cute Faux Suede Cat Tree]165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center, a small slit or pre-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350. Finally,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts(first tab)White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, cross-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for BoilerVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Spacer CNC Machining Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in20a12v Mppt Solar Charge Controller. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650),σT,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-parallel to the print.
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Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. Cross-60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inStove Parts Accessories Stainless Steel Chimney Parts. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, which all had significantly smaller,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide GuidewayTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. AsTexincreases,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication, leading to a stronger weld.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid KitVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexQ195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.
Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting ToolsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve, respectively,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales-AM.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.
Acknowledgments
Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
