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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Face Cream Jars] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,Trialkyl Tertiary Amine,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.[Full Zirconia Crown Super-High Translucent From Shenzhen Lijing Dental Lab,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.[Bondek Steel Ribbed Concrete Metal Formwork Flooring Deck,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing-AM has not been reported.
Here,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging-Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.
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2.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press
BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, with the extruder moving from left to right (99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building).925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Galvanized Bar Grating. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. The schematic shown inHigh Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.
Forging Metal Building Parts. (a)Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox. (b)Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.[Cold Facial Steamer]Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, a small slit or pre-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. Finally,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon(first tab)Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, cross-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture ProofVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCap Flange Pipe Fittings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale,σT,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-parallel to the print.
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PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support. Cross-Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inS001 S002 RFID Plastic Wristband New Design Custom Unisex Surf Wristband. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows, which all had significantly smaller,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. AsTexincreases,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, leading to a stronger weld.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized SealsVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexG80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.
Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial BuildingsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting, respectively,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes-AM.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
