Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum SheetRetro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–Aluminum Lamp Housing] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Protirelin Acetate Provider,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.[20 years Life,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.[Button Cell Power Flashing Led Module,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt-High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.
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2.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)
Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil, with the extruder moving from left to right (Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System).Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. The schematic shown inV3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.
Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. (a)15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. (b)Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.[Genuine Leather Bag]Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, a small slit or pre-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Finally,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net(first tab)High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, cross-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48VVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inArmored Fiber Optic Cable of High Quality GYTY53. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants,σT,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold-parallel to the print.
3.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light
Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine. Cross-33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in8011 0.2mm Thickness Aluminum Foil. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V, which all had significantly smaller,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection MoldingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. AsTexincreases,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket, leading to a stronger weld.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial MarketplaceVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.
Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling MachinesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine/or extrusion.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip)).Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush, respectively,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
4 Conclusions
Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie-AM.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
