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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Custom Blue Sand Casting Iron Handwheel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,3m Thinsulate Jacket Manufacture,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.[Agriculture Prefabricated One Stop Gardens Glass Green House,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.[Casting Ingot Mold Factory OEM/ODM Products,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag-High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.
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2.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car
Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, with the extruder moving from left to right (AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter).Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. The schematic shown inMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.
21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen. (a)FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. (b)PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.[Flexible Metal Hose with Braiding]Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, a small slit or pre-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. Finally,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(first tab)Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, cross-Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet PedalsVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in316ti Stainless Steel Welding Wire. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather,σT,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-parallel to the print.
3.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board. Cross-Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inIndoor Outdoor Playground Ninja Warrior Equipment Obstacle Course. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer, which all had significantly smaller,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 LevelTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. AsTexincreases,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap, leading to a stronger weld.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow MeterVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVex3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.
2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power StationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer-AM.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.
Acknowledgments
Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
