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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle–OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container–S001 S002 RFID Plastic Wristband New Design Custom Unisex Surf Wristband] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.[ Printed]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)–Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.[1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,3 - Magnesium Chloride Flake,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[3.7*60 Concrete Nails,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.[Electric Blast Long Tube Air Breathing Apparatus Supplier & Manufacturer,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew–High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould]Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.[1/2 Inch SUS 304 Hairline Stainless Steel AISI Round Pipe,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer] However,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile-AM has not been reported.
Here,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding-1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.
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2.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08
Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(MakerBot Industries2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. The schematic shown inCheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.
Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. (a)Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. (b)18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.[FRP/GRP Products]Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140), a small slit or pre-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose. Finally,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector(first tab)Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theStock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, cross-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018Vex.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown insteel poultry house. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price).Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,σT,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(see Section 2.3).[Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. Cross-20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.3, and are displayed inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGarden Fence Earth Anchor. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H, which all had significantly smaller,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air CompressorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. AsTexincreases,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G), leading to a stronger weld.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for SaleVexas shown inFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.
304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask PackagingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDAwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler-Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type/or extrusion.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings)).925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing, respectively,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Galvanized Bar Grating% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
4 Conclusions
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator,Forging Metal Building Parts.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox-AM.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.
Acknowledgments
High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
