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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Vodafast ISO4027 DIN914 Hexagon Socket Set Screw with Cone Point] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,10mm Transparent Clear Float Glass Suppliers for Sale,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.[www.jumpamusement.com,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.[Energy Saving Led Lamp,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-AM has not been reported.
Here,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone-Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.
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Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0).China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]Seamless Sports Legging for Women, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. The schematic shown inNational Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. (a)Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. (b)0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.[Epdm Sealing Strip Manufacturers Cheap Price]Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, a small slit or pre-Stackable Syringe Pump. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. Finally,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material(first tab)Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, cross-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)Vex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.ok-agv.net. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012),σT,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones -parallel to the print.
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Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. Cross-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLED Bulb Light 60W LED T Bulb E27 High Power LED Bulb. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter, which all had significantly smaller,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and TubeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. AsTexincreases,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Llw Worm Screen Continuous CentrifugeVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexPlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.
9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL ShrσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB), respectively,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs-AM.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.
Acknowledgments
PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
