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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,FRP Profile Made in China“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools–Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer–IN-B038 Electrophoresis Capillary Electrophoresis Apparatus For DNA Detection Molecular Test] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.[Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder–Security Padlock] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.[Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,2018 Latest Design Nightstand Lamp Shade -,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.[Schedule 40 Carbon Erw Steel Pipe,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine–33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer]Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261),Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.[Durable EPDM Rubber Flooring Mat Gym Tiles (S-9006),Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet] However,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-AM has not been reported.
Here,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.
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2.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color
Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(MakerBot IndustriesChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts).Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. The schematic shown inD18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. (a)Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen. (b)Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.[Micronized Sieve Machine Ultrasonic Vibrating Screen]Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, a small slit or pre-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. Finally,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp(first tab)Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, cross-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate SheetVex.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kidsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMedical Grade Disposable Medical Ultrasound Gel 250ml. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle).Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting,σT,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(see Section 2.3).[Custom Plastic Products]Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle-parallel to the print.
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Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. Cross-Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.3, and are displayed inModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Yeezy Brand Athletic Kanye Yeezy Sports Shoes Sneakers Boots. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, which all had significantly smaller,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency UseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. AsTexincreases,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, leading to a stronger weld.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE TarpaulinVexas shown inDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump. The influence ofTexandVexChina Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDecorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for PurcurementσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold/or extrusion.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery)).3.7*60 Concrete Nails.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFactory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape, respectively,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
4 Conclusions
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard-AM.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
