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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–Carbon Steel Hydraulic Adapter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,Glass Fiber Fabric,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.[Hospital Oxygen Gas Generator,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.[Newest Slim Bank Card Holder for Promotion Gift with RFID Blocking,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-AM has not been reported.
Here,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder-Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.
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2.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift
Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, with the extruder moving from left to right (SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine).Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Croygenic Swing Check Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The schematic shown inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. (a)Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. (b)Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.[Combustion System Equipment]Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, a small slit or pre-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation. Finally,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine(first tab)Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest, cross-Security Padlock. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist BagVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWarehouse Heavy Duty Steel Racking Selective Pallet Rack System. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Seamless Sports Legging for Women.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123),σT,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNational Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure LaminateTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. AsTexincreases,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps, leading to a stronger weld.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic ConveyingVexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVexMen′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for CosmeticsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001),Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China-AM.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.
Acknowledgments
200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
