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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–Hot Sale Packing Automatic Carton Box Strapping Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Polyester Outdoor Sports Shoulder Tennis Racket Tote Bag,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.[Stainless Steel Fruit Seed Extractor Fruit Seed Remove Machine Passion Fruit Pulping Machine,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.[Crossfit Barbell Plate,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series-AM has not been reported.
Here,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation-100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.
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Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing).Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. The schematic shown inFashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.
OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. (a)Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale. (b)Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.[High Quality Abs Trolley Bag]High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, a small slit or pre-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. Finally,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder(first tab)10.4inch Industrial Tablet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone, cross-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)Vex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Croygenic Lift Check Valve(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCustomized Microfiber Fabric Golf Towel Hand Towel with Handle. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable,σT,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-parallel to the print.
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Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. Cross-Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.3, and are displayed inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCationic Chemicals For Water Treatment. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price, which all had significantly smaller,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper HeadTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. AsTexincreases,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls, leading to a stronger weld.Church LED Flameless Taper CandleVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVex50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.
Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Purity Cannabidiol Cbd PowderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter/or extrusion.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas)).2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street, respectively,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.
4 Conclusions
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)-AM.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
