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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Security Padlock“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Sun 5 Plus 2 48W Professional Beauty Salon Nail Art Equipment LED UV Gel Curing Nail Lamp] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.[3 in 1 Far Infrared EMS Therapy Lymphatic Drainage Pressotherapy Body Slimming Machine,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Seamless Sports Legging for Women,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).[Mens′ Wear Manufacturing Streetwear High Quality Custom Printed 100% Cotton Fleece Hoodie,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-AM has not been reported.
Here,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller-0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.
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2.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil
OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stackable Syringe Pump).Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying. The schematic shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. (a)Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). (b)Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.[Factory supplied 4e0616001g / 4e0616001e - AC2525 - Zhuohui]Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, a small slit or pre-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). Finally,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse(first tab)Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), cross-Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency InverterVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Speed Automatic 3 Phase Liquid Liqud Separation Waste Oil Disc Centrifuge Separator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine,σT,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce-parallel to the print.
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Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep. Cross-10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inThread Check Valve. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding, which all had significantly smaller,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment IndustryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. AsTexincreases,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories, leading to a stronger weld.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare PartsVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexPublic Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
